Table 4. Languages Spoken at Home by Persons 5 Years and Over, by State: 1990 Census Population Total Percent Other French Portu- Spanish 5 years Only Non- Non- West Scandi- (and guese (and and over English English English German Yiddish Germanic navian Greek Indic Italian Creoles) (& Creole Creoles) Polish U.S. Total 230,445,777 198,600,798 31,844,979 13.8 1,547,987 213,064 232,461 198,904 388,260 555,126 1,308,648 1,930,404 430,610 17,345,064 723,483 Alabama 3,759,802 3,651,936 107,866 2.9 14,603 120 836 694 1,937 2,587 2,853 17,965 396 42,653 920 Alaska 495,425 435,260 60,165 12.1 3,342 12 249 776 212 273 289 2,030 262 10,020 377 Arizona 3,374,806 2,674,519 700,287 20.8 21,344 921 2,068 2,734 2,202 3,745 8,892 13,115 1,266 478,234 5,033 Arkansas 2,186,665 2,125,884 60,781 2.8 7,059 72 463 493 565 1,040 1,279 8,210 307 27,351 981 California 27,383,547 18,764,213 8,619,334 31.5 165,962 12,691 34,433 29,937 32,889 119,318 111,133 132,657 78,232 5,478,712 28,528 Colorado 3,042,986 2,722,355 320,631 10.5 30,460 704 1,727 2,694 2,226 2,054 5,656 12,855 727 203,896 2,937 Connecticut 3,060,000 2,593,825 466,175 15.2 17,344 2,188 1,849 4,224 10,554 8,287 71,309 53,586 24,936 167,007 40,306 Delaware 617,720 575,393 42,327 6.9 4,206 202 1,164 328 1,177 1,410 3,376 3,753 291 15,302 2,806 Dist. of Columbia 570,284 498,936 71,348 12.5 3,194 113 386 643 901 1,244 1,580 9,783 1,170 35,021 322 Florida 12,095,284 9,996,969 2,098,315 17.3 81,033 27,363 9,597 10,742 21,396 17,119 70,636 194,783 16,028 1,447,747 27,314 Georgia 5,984,188 5,699,642 284,546 4.8 29,480 572 1,905 1,587 3,399 9,785 4,686 34,422 1,795 122,295 1,999 Hawaii 1,026,209 771,485 254,724 24.8 4,066 56 528 482 177 591 949 3,921 1,110 13,729 94 Idaho 926,703 867,708 58,995 6.4 5,148 - 594 872 262 207 640 2,839 658 37,081 366 Illinois 10,585,838 9,086,726 1,499,112 14.2 84,625 6,751 5,517 10,815 42,976 49,995 66,903 43,070 2,781 728,380 143,480 Indiana 5,146,160 4,900,334 245,826 4.8 46,034 432 11,956 1,088 5,287 5,346 5,264 20,578 763 90,146 11,552 Iowa 2,583,526 2,483,135 100,391 3.9 21,429 231 3,833 4,579 1,157 1,620 1,929 7,941 275 31,620 890 Kansas 2,289,615 2,158,011 131,604 5.7 22,887 77 1,956 1,112 564 2,439 1,402 7,851 374 62,059 740 Kentucky 3,434,955 3,348,473 86,482 2.5 15,677 157 1,934 421 664 1,646 1,850 13,543 241 31,293 832 Louisiana 3,886,353 3,494,359 391,994 10.1 8,588 137 673 721 1,391 3,457 4,933 261,678 711 72,173 599 Maine 1,142,122 1,036,681 105,441 9.2 4,157 202 256 1,014 1,085 315 1,814 81,012 314 5,934 1,127 Maryland 4,425,285 4,030,234 395,051 8.9 26,454 3,660 3,441 1,818 13,146 20,096 15,980 39,484 5,161 122,871 8,282 Massachusetts 5,605,751 4,753,523 852,228 15.2 20,872 4,126 2,585 5,473 33,006 12,971 81,987 124,973 133,373 228,458 37,769 Michigan 8,594,737 8,024,930 569,807 6.6 57,328 2,550 13,772 3,696 13,431 14,916 38,023 39,794 1,700 137,490 64,527 Minnesota 4,038,861 3,811,700 227,161 5.6 45,409 843 2,024 25,758 1,351 3,227 2,870 13,693 806 42,362 5,755 Mississippi 2,378,805 2,312,289 66,516 2.8 6,563 27 439 266 440 1,560 1,401 13,215 274 25,061 173 Missouri 4,748,704 4,570,494 178,210 3.8 32,286 1,250 4,338 1,022 2,684 3,025 9,125 20,135 707 59,585 3,503 Montana 740,218 703,198 37,020 5.0 9,644 - 344 1,922 303 136 767 2,572 70 8,083 408 Nebraska 1,458,904 1,389,032 69,872 4.8 13,927 219 376 1,699 681 637 1,668 4,135 215 24,555 2,673 Nevada 1,110,450 964,298 146,152 13.2 8,457 515 528 742 1,313 1,115 5,335 5,464 919 85,474 1,365 New Hampshire 1,024,621 935,825 88,796 8.7 4,380 213 443 922 4,086 1,292 2,440 51,284 1,173 9,619 2,976 New Jersey 7,200,696 5,794,548 1,406,148 19.5 56,877 11,569 5,412 5,964 28,080 60,248 154,160 52,351 55,285 621,416 69,145 New Mexico 1,390,048 896,049 493,999 35.5 6,000 120 475 672 578 1,142 1,880 3,402 329 388,186 600 New York 16,743,048 12,834,328 3,908,720 23.3 128,525 117,323 11,747 14,353 87,608 87,574 400,218 236,099 33,089 1,848,825 120,923 North Carolina 6,172,301 5,931,435 240,866 3.9 24,689 316 1,430 1,300 5,354 6,992 4,801 37,590 1,659 105,963 2,179 North Dakota 590,839 543,942 46,897 7.9 24,453 15 175 7,112 49 222 106 1,998 77 4,296 791 Ohio 10,063,212 9,517,064 546,148 5.4 80,975 2,907 18,783 2,007 15,391 13,709 41,179 46,075 1,800 139,194 26,207 Oklahoma 2,921,755 2,775,957 145,798 5.0 15,195 71 971 853 662 2,440 2,022 8,328 375 64,562 796 Oregon 2,640,482 2,448,772 191,710 7.3 19,289 220 3,020 4,004 1,295 1,659 3,114 10,854 767 83,087 1,160 Pennsylvania 11,085,170 10,278,294 806,876 7.3 78,499 9,844 56,517 3,215 17,982 17,401 103,844 45,515 6,940 213,096 55,344 Rhode Island 936,423 776,931 159,492 17.0 2,636 494 275 791 1,853 1,022 20,619 31,669 39,947 35,492 3,835 South Carolina 3,231,539 3,118,376 113,163 3.5 14,053 193 961 578 2,940 2,912 2,735 22,339 752 44,427 813 South Dakota 641,226 599,232 41,994 6.5 17,537 17 665 2,509 144 94 210 1,228 44 5,033 178 Tennessee 4,544,743 4,413,193 131,550 2.9 17,716 251 1,544 697 1,598 3,598 2,501 20,444 611 49,661 1,415 Texas 15,605,822 11,635,518 3,970,304 25.4 90,659 1,270 5,346 4,661 6,422 37,065 10,871 64,585 4,251 3,443,106 11,242 Utah 1,553,351 1,432,947 120,404 7.8 11,233 57 2,650 3,169 1,886 808 2,446 6,684 1,871 51,945 595 Vermont 521,521 491,112 30,409 5.8 2,716 78 417 382 421 195 1,289 17,171 162 3,196 1,165 Virginia 5,746,419 5,327,898 418,521 7.3 32,069 641 3,012 2,710 7,453 17,117 9,567 40,353 3,240 152,663 3,286 Washington 4,501,879 4,098,706 403,173 9.0 39,011 386 3,930 13,626 2,959 4,739 6,305 19,883 1,565 143,647 3,355 West Virginia 1,686,932 1,642,729 44,203 2.6 5,280 37 283 199 946 1,353 4,691 7,695 217 13,337 1,336 Wisconsin 4,531,134 4,267,496 263,638 5.8 61,929 835 4,577 10,386 2,856 3,204 8,661 14,242 490 75,931 20,143 Wyoming 418,713 394,904 23,809 5.7 2,688 16 57 442 321 179 460 1,558 104 13,790 341 NOTE: Languages are grouped into 25 categories. 1990 Census language questions: "Does this person speak a language other than English at home?" "What is this language?" "How well does this person speak English --very well, well, not well, not at all?" Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population, CPHL-96 Contact: Education and Social Stratification Branch, Population Division 301-457-2464 Table 4. Languages Spoken at Home by Persons 5 Years and Over, by State: 1990 Census (Continued) Other Native South Other Indo- Hung- Mon- North Viet- Other and Russian Slavic Slavic European Arabic Tagalog Chinese arian Japanese Khmer Korean American namese Unspecified U.S. Total 241,798 170,449 270,863 578,076 355,150 843,251 1,319,462 147,902 427,657 127,441 626,478 331,758 507,069 1,023,614 Alabama 307 163 396 1,208 2,069 1,019 3,728 203 2,480 435 3,232 301 2,231 4,530 Alaska 1,111 191 227 508 153 5,124 815 87 1,450 57 3,333 26,780 273 2,214 Arizona 1,153 2,364 2,650 3,938 3,531 4,188 9,536 1,893 3,362 769 4,829 110,559 4,186 7,775 Arkansas 161 180 623 543 815 894 1,387 184 1,083 75 1,112 553 1,701 3,650 California 44,978 21,731 15,037 231,654 73,738 464,644 575,447 21,186 147,451 59,622 215,845 8,966 233,074 281,469 Colorado 2,537 1,353 2,530 2,979 2,787 2,769 6,261 1,382 5,083 807 8,306 3,263 5,901 8,737 Connecticut 4,126 1,567 7,176 10,024 3,352 3,026 8,234 6,152 2,918 1,116 2,792 214 3,378 10,510 Delaware 233 96 662 813 585 602 1,805 281 424 42 932 31 382 1,424 Dist. of Columbia 706 148 254 1,880 1,947 1,424 2,506 281 781 79 664 124 569 5,628 Florida 5,707 5,291 10,428 18,342 16,246 19,618 20,839 12,099 7,485 1,185 9,299 2,562 13,648 31,808 Georgia 1,676 533 904 4,766 3,692 3,503 11,181 824 6,270 1,659 13,433 896 6,483 16,801 Hawaii 193 153 226 1,456 274 55,341 26,366 120 69,587 81 14,636 271 4,620 55,697 Idaho 150 91 474 441 221 441 1,029 152 1,287 50 550 2,327 528 2,587 Illinois 12,833 24,082 23,952 35,188 19,935 46,453 41,807 5,772 13,174 2,565 33,973 1,255 7,572 45,258 Indiana 1,560 7,091 3,334 3,466 2,998 2,367 6,017 2,999 4,722 243 3,693 529 2,112 6,249 Iowa 543 416 3,270 1,428 1,499 948 3,450 199 1,158 500 2,014 1,120 2,062 6,280 Kansas 893 1,228 1,094 1,493 1,833 1,375 4,272 144 1,416 576 3,221 1,014 5,625 5,959 Kentucky 623 230 343 1,155 1,659 1,098 2,596 293 2,306 174 2,676 416 1,491 3,164 Louisiana 425 666 440 1,408 2,419 2,214 4,727 576 1,385 187 2,607 495 14,352 5,032 Maine 386 67 298 1,142 231 608 709 117 553 772 562 1,000 691 1,075 Maryland 5,950 1,035 2,892 12,803 6,929 11,329 24,508 1,730 5,090 1,773 23,563 580 7,181 29,295 Massachusetts 12,101 899 3,198 26,248 13,128 3,800 43,248 1,799 6,849 12,178 7,935 732 12,655 21,865 Michigan 4,540 11,767 11,375 20,727 40,242 8,707 15,378 7,712 8,478 541 9,978 1,649 4,817 36,669 Minnesota 2,403 2,069 6,530 3,488 2,387 2,414 6,844 562 1,871 2,699 3,368 4,540 8,314 35,574 Mississippi 53 118 180 453 976 1,054 2,201 113 1,039 6 1,307 4,703 3,087 1,807 Missouri 1,593 1,427 1,425 2,886 2,528 3,254 7,018 809 3,324 572 4,145 763 3,599 7,207 Montana 185 457 333 288 119 256 487 88 609 6 283 8,207 211 1,242 Nebraska 425 265 6,944 1,425 787 786 1,622 47 822 149 1,141 1,327 1,075 2,272 Nevada 353 980 560 1,724 1,222 8,007 5,204 757 2,322 215 3,324 2,486 1,739 6,032 New Hampshire 591 72 327 1,438 798 575 1,520 260 465 259 995 120 187 2,361 New Jersey 14,824 9,757 22,642 21,658 24,384 38,107 47,334 16,590 14,272 486 30,712 721 4,892 39,262 New Mexico 170 256 397 991 728 1,017 1,686 214 1,134 37 1,173 79,087 1,144 2,581 New York 78,310 26,377 34,931 69,804 44,060 46,276 247,334 23,394 29,845 3,169 80,394 4,067 11,531 122,944 North Carolina 846 421 829 2,573 4,300 3,019 7,252 905 4,949 1,420 6,053 1,827 4,111 10,088 North Dakota 172 31 2,066 156 151 331 425 31 171 14 387 2,719 212 737 Ohio 5,659 21,948 22,170 12,040 14,816 6,328 15,475 18,219 9,058 1,932 8,515 762 3,997 17,002 Oklahoma 524 167 1,089 1,969 2,082 1,462 5,052 248 2,003 303 3,471 19,158 5,998 5,997 Oregon 5,325 861 1,904 4,525 2,258 3,391 10,099 681 6,724 2,036 5,574 1,615 7,468 10,780 Pennsylvania 13,929 11,936 40,540 16,241 10,887 7,605 24,857 9,789 5,570 4,232 18,116 569 12,843 21,565 Rhode Island 897 193 501 3,146 1,651 1,069 2,640 289 407 3,285 716 162 570 5,333 South Carolina 466 136 534 1,469 2,121 2,976 2,343 483 2,133 227 2,318 200 1,457 3,597 South Dakota 109 14 1,228 253 148 305 376 67 212 140 392 9,969 199 923 Tennessee 736 234 430 2,633 2,800 1,687 5,024 480 3,393 888 3,775 738 2,058 6,638 Texas 3,572 1,648 21,952 15,621 16,753 22,256 52,220 1,879 11,898 5,620 26,228 3,565 57,736 49,878 Utah 662 335 287 1,405 703 962 4,483 81 4,428 981 2,294 10,195 2,285 7,959 Vermont 251 72 249 225 117 187 453 131 289 12 144 60 137 890 Virginia 1,484 888 2,487 16,123 11,399 21,018 18,037 1,698 5,370 3,319 25,736 556 19,025 19,270 Washington 3,399 2,187 2,640 6,829 3,401 24,574 26,378 1,579 17,626 9,579 23,190 3,675 15,488 23,222 West Virginia 268 574 862 516 1,053 815 1,089 659 808 16 586 95 215 1,273 Wisconsin 1,641 5,462 4,949 4,457 2,178 1,830 5,762 1,572 1,884 344 2,788 2,581 1,899 23,037 Wyoming 59 222 94 130 60 198 401 92 239 9 168 1,654 60 467 NOTE: Languages are grouped into 25 categories. 1990 Census language questions: "Does this person speak a language other than English at home?" "What is this language?" "How well does this person speak English --very well, well, not well, not at all?" Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population, CPHL-96 Contact: Education and Social Stratification Branch, Population Division 301-457-2464